Motivation and Organizational Behaviour

Motivation can be defined as a force that encourages and pushes an individual to perform to his fullest. Motivation is a very significant force that is required to finish a task or complete a goal. Motivation can be extrinsic like something that is done to earn a reward or avoid a punishment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation and Organizational Behaviour specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cleaning the room to get a reward from parents is one example. It can also be intrinsic like something that is done if it brings pleasure and is enjoyable. For example taking part in a football tournament could be enjoyable and rewarding in terms of certificates and medals. I mostly get motivated with verbal praise rather than monetary benefits. Motivation can come in different types, and the one I find most effective is when someone believes in me and place all their trust on to me. I am a person who liked to get appreci ation when I put extra effort to meet targets. If I do not get appreciation, then I am more likely to lose motivation. I then feel that all my efforts have gone to waste as no one appreciated or even noticed the task I so brilliantly completed (Kinicki, 2008). I normally try to interact and keep a positive behaviour and attitude with my co-workers. I have learned that keeping a positive and friendly attitude is very important and leads to motivation. As people find me friendly, they always try to give me honest advice and correct feedback which motivates me. I believe that I was able to stay motivated because my co-workers have been supportive. I have seen such types of employees and know for sure how dissatisfied they are with their entourage (Pinder, 2008). My organization makes sure that employees interact with one another and that there is no one receiving special treatment nor is there anyone creating groups between employees. The organization believes that if employees work as a unit then they will be more efficient rather than working all by themselves.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For this purpose, they believe in job rotation. Every member of the organization gets to be a part of different teams so that he could spend time with them and get to know them. The organization believes that when the entire organization knows each other then there would not be any complaints or any jealousy for the others. The organization makes sure that all employees feel that they are equally contributing towards the success of the organization. There is no one small or anyone big. The organization where I am currently employed provides equal importance to each and every worker (Nelson Quick, 2008). More could be done as there is always room for improvement. The top management can play a vital role in motivating the employees verbally. I have noticed that some times the top management does not realise the power they have over employees. They are a source of information and employees look on to them as their idols. I speak this because that is how I feel and most of the members in my office feel. Employees tend to feel neglected when they are not motivated by management for putting extra effort at work. Their performance slows down ultimately affecting the output of the organization. Verbal praise from top management may allow the employees to become positive in every possible way. Reference List Kinicki, A. (2008). Organizational Behavior: Key Concepts, Skills Best. New York: McGraw-Hill Learning Solutions. Nelson, D. L., Quick, J. C. (2008). Understanding Organizational Behavior. Mason: Cengage Learning. Pinder, C. C. (2008). Work Motivation in Organizational Behavior. Hoboken: Psychology Press.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation and Organizational Behaviour specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Motivation and Organizational Behaviour was written and submitted by user Lexie Pate to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Coca Colas Micro and Macro Environment Essays

Coca Colas Micro and Macro Environment Essays Coca Colas Micro and Macro Environment Paper Coca Colas Micro and Macro Environment Paper Macro inappropriatenesss main role is to match competences, abilities and resources within the organization and market opportunities outside outside of the organization. Understanding of customers needs is main essence of whole story but marketers should also be aware of factors and forces that can cause customer needs to be evolve. A change in customers needs will directly affect ability of organization to serve customers, this really implies for marketers to be aware of what is happening in external or macro environment. Objectifications. Com[accessed : 11 seep , 2009 )surest Bed (2004) describes Macro environment as composition of social and international ores that affect the society within which an organization operates. There is not much that companies can do to control these powerful forces therefore it is very much of importance for marketers to understand these factors and forces so that they can devise an optimal marketing strategy to handle these conditions. According to Kettle(1984), The macro environment consist of the larger societal forces that affect micro environment (internal). These forces are Peg Peg Upstart . Peg marketing Mix ,Econometrical Kumar(2004) suggested that this element indicates economic trends of external environments and identifies overall economic disposition of individuals and society , their paying capacity , earning , interest rates , inflation and unemployment rates. This factor is of very much importance as customers sort out their needs according to their paying capacity. For example if overall economical disposition of a town is not that good , it means people living in that town are less capable of spending much , this analysis can help marketers to select right kind of products in that town. Demographical is study of human populations in terms of size, density, action, age, sex, race, and occupation . It can identify the different age structure, which is necessary, as marketers need to know who they have to serve, it allows them to make the profit making decisions for the marketing mix. Identify trends in population growth at relevant ages for your industry(there may be zero population growth in general but high growth in the number of people over 65). It help identify marketers of their customers, less growth of married couple in town shows that there is an increase in unmarried people and civil partnerships and usually it is seen that unmarried couple in different regions f the world tends less attracted of having children , eventually can be summarizes that less married people , less consumption of children products particular to that area. Weatherboardings. Com , [accessed : 09 Seep , macro legal environment identifies legal changes and restriction for products to launch and grow their profitability , for example in many areas of world some products are not liked and allowed to sell due to societal or religious obligations , in many areas some particular products and trends are warm welcomes , an example of this is pork and wine which is not permitted to trade legally . Therefore major food chains as McDonald and KEF use other sources to serve their customer. Political and sociologically and social macro environment identifies societal motives and trends , for example , in modern day world people prefer organic foods and greener environment , social behaviors , values and norms , society attitude towards different issues as global warming , make of family structure etc . Politically these issues are legalized in different areas of the world. Technologically identifies changes in daily life technological scenarios of societies as now online markets has taken place of high street , online renovations play an important part in daily trade of economy. Manage. Com [accessed : 09 Seep 2009 ])intercultural forces are also an important players in this regard as it heavily matters , what kind of weather a particular group of people living in. You cannot sell fur coats in Kenya and most parts of warm weathered countries, especially in hot summer. Likewise in Russia and Canada thin clothes are rare and clothes to cope with tough winter season are most likely to be accepted. The natural environment consists of natural resources that are required as inputs by marketers , natural disasters can cause a change in demand. The cultural environments environment consist of institutions and other forces that affect societys basic values, perceptions, priorities and behaviors An organization must carefully watch and respond to changes in these forces as they all can shape opportunities and also create threats. (schoolteachers. Us C accessed : 11 Seep , 2009 )The Coca-Cola Counterrevolutionary Coca-Cola Company is the biggest name in beverage industry , largest manufacturer , distributor and marketer of non alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups in the world and one of the largest corporation in United States and Europe. The company is famous for TTS most famous product Coca Cola it was invented by pharmacist John Stitch Phenomenon in 1886. Formula and brand was bought by Coca Cola in 1892 , besides this flagship product Coca Cola currents sells near 400 brands over 200 countries and territories and serve 1. 5 billion serving per day. The company operates on franchise system from 1889 where The Coca Cola only produces concentrated syrups which are then sold to various bottlers throughout the world. Headquarter of Coca Cola is in Atlanta , Georgia and its current chairman is Mutter Kent. Wisped. Com [access : 13 Seep 2009] Bottlenecks cola normally produces concentrated syrups an then sell these syrups to its franchise bottlers who hold franchises, Coca cola bottlers , who got exclusive contracts with parent company then produces finished products in cans and bottles from concentrates syrup and add filtered water and sweeteners. The bottlers then sell and distribute resulting product to retail stores , vending machines , restaurants and food services etc. One important exclusion of this relationship between Coca Cola and its bottlers is fountain syrups in United States where Coca Cola directly sell and manufacture fountain syrups to authorized fountain wholesalers and retailers. In 2005 , The Coca Cola had equity positioning in 51 unconsolidated bottling, canning and distribution operations that resulted nearly 58 % of volume notable exception to this general relationship benzene TCL and bottlers is fountain syrups in the United States, where TCL bypasses bottlers and is responsible for the manufacture and sale Of fountain Syrups directly to authorized fountain wholesalers and some fountain retailers. In 2005, The Coca-Cola Company had equity positions in 51 unconsolidated titling, canning and distribution operations which produced approximately 58% of volume. Toecap-Colombian. Com[ access : 15 Seep , 2009 of Macro environment on Coca Colonial will discuss how macro environment has change course of strategy of Coca Cola Demographic environment has a solid impact on soft drink industry in different ways , youth and young adults are major consumers of Coca Cola , as a result of less fertility of ass there is a major decline in this volume of consumer group , moreover worst economic situation has sent common consumers in deep stress. Number of consumers for alcoholic drinks has risen in last year. Surveys has shown that underage of 25 , alcoholic drinks usage has risen significantly this has dropped popularity of soft drinks . New brands with zero sugar and diet products by Coca Cola has attracted many customers of old age to come back to these drinks. The society is now more educated and concerned. Soft drinks arent considered healthy, and as people know of the problems linked with drinking bad drinks that rot teeth, it has an effect on the soft drink industry . There are many developments in the bottling, to suit image, such as Coca-Colas slick shape, the different sizes, which provide more acceptability and market attractiveness. Coca Cola is main sponsor for sports events in all areas Of the world , this make people feel that Coca Cola is helping society for the sake of good as they expect from large organizations to help society. (A Buckley , 1993)Economical situations plays an important role in macro environment . In the soft drink industry prices vary significantly. Cheap Products attract more customers than expensive ones especially in times of economic struggle. In year 2008 net assets and income for Coca Cola has dropped due to economic struggle factor as this Coca Colas product is mainly unconsumed by young people , decline in earning of parents has minimized their budget and spending capacity for their children. The natural environment problems or people concerned of greener world are more satisfied as cans are recycled after usage and create no harm to environment. We have seen many alterations of flavor inventions, and then many more flavors too. These include diet and caffeine free to attract the more healthy conscious, many fruity-flavored soft drinks, and many more. His is due to the technology environment, Industry is using the developments in technology to provide more varieties to access a greater market. G. Lancaster and P. Reynolds , 1998) Political , legal environment , The enhanced concern for the environment also comes under the topic of cultures. Besides, cultures have many other influences, like peoples views about themselves that affect the market. Coca-Cola, promoted that there is an image associated with drinking their product. People use its products as a way of self-expression so they buy what will make them feel good. For example national celebrities images are printed on cans and bottles , green coke is also an example. Conclusion have seen that there are still lot of room for Coca Cola to do in arrest place. Especially now with changing macro environment forces that are compelling market to shrink for soft drinks. Coca Cola has realized change in external environment and introduce some new products and price ranges including offers for retailers and individuals. diet coke and zero coke are brands to attract customers who are more concerned about their health. In 2007 low and now sugar products were launched making this range up to 53% from 2001 in Britain . Glacial vitamin water is launched in London which is single packing of 500 ml With three different flavors of orange , lemonade and raspberry/apple. In the soft drink industry these forces are mostly all positive and therefore can benefit the consumers. Part Bodacious how marketing mix is used by selected organization to gain competitive advantages Marketing MixlntroductionMarketing mix is a concept first presented by Neil H. Borden in his articles in 1964 , Borden started using this term after Scullion named marketing manager a mixer of ingredients. McCarthy grouped these elements into 4 AS. Afterwards as industry grew more complicated and integrated especially after technological boom that brought world globally on a scenario of local market , now to grasp he view more comprehensively it is also described as ups by some authors. (Wisped. Com [ accessed 1 7 Seep decisions mainly fall into these controllable elements or categories :Productions can be any tangible or intangible entity introduced in market. Its main features customer needs;Profitable;Can attract customers (appearance)Perceiving is an important ingredient of marketing mix because price influences on from both angles , if prices are high , people would other cheap products but on the same time people would consider it a prestige and high standard of buying this product. But if price is low it will have as a same impact as in case of high , so market should be analyses to decide about price plan that where this product is going to be launch and who will be its main consumers. (Biked. O. UK[accessed : 21 Seep 2009])Place/PositionDistribution channels and stores where product will be placed and sold out are of very much importance as this easy access leads to frequent sales. Promotion;Prize draw; Promotional codes;Gift vociferousnesss involved in planning up to selling of product are people , customer service , follow up staff , delivery staff , packaging staff etc. Staff should be well turned up and trained towards achieving targets. Productions design and its preparation to its distribution is called process. Physical epidemiological evidence is judged to check customers satisfaction levels and for any changes in advertisements campaigns and distribution channels etc. ;Customers response,;Market share analysis(Better Kyle , 7 Ways to Improve Profit Through Both Long- and Short-Term Strategies)Marketing Mix in Coca Cloacae-Cola is the largest manufacturer, marketer, and distributor of non-alcoholic beverages and different brands of soft drinks. Now we will look at how Coca-Cola has used their marketing mix. The marketing mix is a combination Of 4 parts; product, price, promotions and place. The product- The product (Coca-Cola soft drink) not only includes just the liquid in it but also the packaging. On the product-service continuum we see that a soft drink provides little service, apart from the convenience and comfort. Soft drinks are mainly to satisfy the need of thirst. However, people are always of different nature an behaviors, some like more and others want less. Therefore Coca-Cola have made available different choices by providing many sizes. Consumers also can have particular tastes, and in this field , they also have been provided lot of options. So, although thirst is basic need to be satisfied and that is the main job required, consumer are having other advantages in the taste and size. This all sum up to the product line, which is a term used to describe a group of products that are close in their functions in a similar way, are sold to the same consumer groups, and advertise in the same way. Coca-Cola has introduced lot of different flavors and sizes as described earlier, but also several brands such as Sprite, Lift, Fauna and Diet Coke that enhance the product line length, making full use of the market to maximize profitability and growth. Coca-Cola, however, also focuses on creating an image of the product. With the help of this they make it social drink, one thou would like to have in ago times. So when consumers go and buy Coca-Cola, they are not only satisfying thirst but taking on an image, an idea and reasonably related thought. We are going to a party we have to get Coca-Cola. Through promotion people now been transferred the idea that its only cool to drink Coca-Cola, and to be seen with anything else is cheap. One of its advertising managing focused on enjoying of drinks , they have infused a thought that drinking is not only required when you are thirsty but it can be used when one want to relax and enjoy or get rid of stress in daily routine life. The product is made convenient , to be bought on frequent basis, instant , and with a minimum of comparison and buying effort . The appearance of the product is attractive with the bright red color. It has a intelligently designed bottle shape that fits in your hand better, and reflects a cool and more futuristic look. The quality of the soft drink should be high on permanent basis. Sealed caps guarantee that fizz is not lost. The bottles are light weight , with comparatively flexible packaging, so they wont break or leak, and are not too much heavy to casually walk around with. The cans are also light and safe. All of this is a part of the product, from the drink to the image. And with the help of promotions Coca-Cola points to create an attractiveness for this. Some of their advertisement campaigns include beach scenes, which creates a connection of Coca-Cola and fun together in consumers mind. Coca-Cola heavily focus on advertisement schemes, always willing and looking for new ideas and flooding the TV with Coca-Cola, most of the time boosting their image as being socially accepted and fun. Coca-Cola works on the pull strategy in their advertisements. As, they urge to the consumers to create the demand for their product which creates a demand on the retailers and then back to them. For example, in supermarkets and convenience stores Coca-Cola has their own fridge which contains only their products. There is little personal selling, but that is made up for in public relations and corporate image. Coca-Cola is major sponsors in lot of events happening in the world of sports and recreational activities. This is another way of creating awareness and bonds for the product. They also use competitions tricks, for example by opening lid you can win an instant prize, to encourage consumers to buy their product over the competitions products. Coca-Cola promotions then create knowledge and overall liking about the product through campaigns that tells it has the best taste, is the most popular and is the one of the future ,in short , making it best of all, whilst appealing to a large group of consumers. Coca-Cola approaches all possible retailing stores in working over third part, place. In supermarkets and convenient stores Coca-Cola products are always very easy to identify, and normally make up the greater chances of buying it. This increases their market exposure through effective use of the distribution channels. For a FMC it is of very much important that they can be located and purchased easily. With the many automatic can machines located in many sports stadiums and shopping malls, you dont need to go in any store. It increases circulation speed of the product. Pricing strategy is the last area of the marketing mix. Coca-Cola products would appear, on the racks, with most expensive range of soft drinks moon to supermarkets, at approximately double the price of no name brands. It is due to multiple reason , one is obvious to cover extra cost of advertisement campaigns, prices kept high to create a special image of the product in consumers mind that they are nor only buying a drink but they are entering in a special range of fun recreation , it depicts an idea that everyone is not cool and futuristic. That is why in most of its campaign , coke is being consumed by people who are extra ordinary and ideal for a larger group of people. In this way it creates assumption in ones mind of being different room norms. When people buy Coca-Cola they are not just buying the beverage but also the image that goes with it, therefore to have the price higher reiterates the fact that the product is of a better quality than the rest and that creates a feeling in consumers mind that he is not cheap. This is known as value-based pricing and is used by many other industries in attracting consumers. A. Hutching 1995)Conclusions-Cola is using marketing mix to get an advantage over its rivals . As we know , it is an age of self awareness and educated society . This society is more concerned about health and environmental issues. Now consumers also think and decide who is better in market not only from product aspect but overall rating is given on the basis of organizations participation and awareness in different issues of modern ay Coca-Cola is well known for intelligently using all these cards to get dominance over its competitors and is successful in my point of view.

Leadership Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

Leadership Assessment - Essay Example Control was basic to his nature and practice of management. He was always obsessed with detail and checking. Having gone through several legal problems, he never required any dealing that would cause errors (Heller, 2001). That is he only hired well-endowed engineers under extremely stringent conditions to avoid mistakes. In the delegated domain, he believed that recruitment of the best engineers would save him the strength of having to follow up issues in the different departments. The recruitment process is never short. Once hired, the autonomy is given to the managers who take up full responsibility of every action they do. That is however one of the best ways to have a human resource effectively discharging its duties (Heller, 2001). The company has never failed under him. The company for which interest is important is the Coca-Cola Company. This is a company that has maintained a high level culture and structure that it purely depends on this for continuity. In this company, the top management is at the prime of everything where there is the president and CEO Muhtar Kent. Immediately under him are the corporate and the manufacturing seniors. This is because these are the core and basic sections of the company being a producer company. The manufacturing is tasked with ensuring supply is efficient and marches demand in the market while the corporate staff takes care of management both at vertical and horizontal level at that stage. Being a multinational company, its marketing comes in hand to help keep its high profile stable in the wake of competition from other companies such as Pepsi. All these are aided by finances managed by the finance section of the company which lies at the same horizontal level as marketing. The next level is quite diverse and is categorical of the company being a multinational. The regional management in charge of the five international divisions is tasked with the work of co-coordinating operations in

Diversity at work - organisational politics to employees Essay

Diversity at work - organisational politics to employees - Essay Example As the case study shows, Isobela intelligently participates in the organizational politics at TopNotch and eventually gets a promotion after the retirement of James, their CEO. Alternatively, participating in organizational politics can have adverse effects on the careers of various individuals as happened to Alexis and George in the case study under consideration. The main issue that Alexis, George and Chetan are facing is their participation in organizational politics in an effort of seeing their efforts at the organization recognized and in turn get promotions. Their participation takes place when Alexis discovers that a former minister in New Zealand plans on hosting celebrations for his seventieth birthday. Alexis sees this as an opportunity of advancing her own agenda through playing politics to assist the company in achieving their objective of attracting latent clients while strengthening their status (Schermerhorn, Osborne, Uhl-Bien & Hunt, 2011). Alexis relies on rumors tha t are circulating within the organization concerning their relationship with their competitors. This enables her to obtain vital information concerning their organization of the various parties they have contracted (Martin, 2005). On the other hand, the company’s CEO also utilizes organizational politics in eliminating his competition in the attainment of contracts. He is able to threaten the management of ExcelEvent with the possibility of cutting ties with their major catering organization that is run by his relative. It is this move that enables him to eliminate part of their competition leaving one company vying for the same contract as his company (Sievers, Long & Lawrence, 2006). This therefore implies that the organizational politics utilized by the CEO of TopNotch were beneficial for his company (Case Study 2, 2012). Isobella is also perceived to have begun the steady rise in her career through the use of organizational politics. She reportedly manages to get the prom otions through having dinners with the company’s CEO and her family’s background. Isobella is said to be incompetent and leaves most of her duties to her assistant, a Mr. George. She utilizes the time she would have been performing beneficial duties for the company in blackmailing, gossiping and making negative reports concerning her subordinates to the CEO. This strategy enables her to propel her career to levels which other employees within her company only dream about. She additionally utilizes threats to damage the image of her subordinates who have not been complying with the organizations regulations (Champoux, 2010). For instance, she utilizes the pictures she had taken of George dating a colleague since the company has strict regulations concerning the relationships that exist between their workers. The types of organizational politics that are utilized by Isobella are meant to help her in pursuing her self-interests through the promotions she will get (Daft & Willmott, 2010). Alexis on the other hand uses her skills of negotiating directly with officials from other organizations in the pursuit of excellence for the company (Samuel, 2005). She uses her influence through positive organizational politics that would greatly have helped the company in achieving their desired objectives (Schermerhorn, Osborne,

Designing a system for an IT user Essay Example for Free

Designing a system for an IT user Essay John would need at least a 4GB RAM as that will provide john with a lot of temporary memory to make his computer faster. Task 2- Storage Devices Item Description Why Required? Hard Disk It stores data, all data is stored on the hard disc. The hard disk is the main storage device on a computer it is needed for storing everything from pictures to software. The data is stored in this magnetic material. Thus, the hard disk is known as a magnetic storage device. He needs to save all his music, movies, work and other files. Everything he does needs to be saved on the hard disk so he needs. He needs a hard disk that comes with his computer to have a lot of memory preferably more than 500GB, so it is unlikely for him to need more memory. Flash Memory A flash memory, also known as a USB, stores memory which can be transferred from one computer to another computer. They are usually lightweight and easy to use. He needs a USB to transfer his work from his computer to another computer so he can also edit his work when he is studying on another computer. John can save a lot of work on a Flash Memory because they can be up to 64GB. CDs and DVDs CDs and DVDs are used to store audio or video files which can be played in a compatible CD or DVD player. A single sided DVD can store about 4. 7Gb of data. DVDs which store data on both sides can hold over 9Gb of data. He could use DVDs or CDs to store his music or the homemade movies that he makes. They are small, portable and are very easy to use but Johns computer will need a disk reader which usually comes with the computer. Task 3- Software Requirements Item Description Why required? Windows 7 It is the latest edition of windows operating systems. It has more features than windows vista such as improved booting times. It also has pre-installed programs such as windows movie maker, windows photo gallery and other programs. Windows 7 is quick and easy to use. He can also save files that can be compatible with other operating systems. I think that this will be the most useful operating system because most programs are compatible with windows and this is the latest edition of windows. Other operating systems like Apple (Mac) are much more expensive and not all programs are compatible with an Apple Mac and a Linux. Microsoft Office Professional 2007 It is cheap (i80 minimum price), Microsoft office 2010 is not a lot different but is i 430. Although this isnt the latest edition of Microsoft office, it isnt much different from the new 2010 edition and the 2007 edition is much cheaper. Microsoft office professional is one of the easiest software applications that can be used and it is very powerful which enables John to do many tasks at one using many different features such as word art. Although Microsoft office doesnt have as much creativity skills as other software, such as Adobe Photoshop, it still has many other features such as creating publications and presentations. Word : Excel : PowerPoint : Outlook : Publisher: Microsoft Word is easy to use and can also be saved in different formats. The 2007 version of word is compatible with word 2003, which he uses at college. Word also gives options of different layouts and different templates. It features calculation, graphing tools and many features what can be used in a spreadsheet. Excel is extremely useful as it can do anything a calculator can do and plot it into graphs and tables. Excel isnt all calculations; it also has some design features, for example colourful tables, graphs, text and table templates. PowerPoint can be used to make slideshow presentations which are easy to use. PowerPoint has custom animations which can be used on text, picture and slides. PowerPoint also gives templates which can make the presentation look of high standard as the templates have a colour scheme which makes a presentation look professional. Microsoft Outlook is a personal information manager from Microsoft, available both as a separate application as well as a part of the Microsoft Office suite. This is a publishing program which is easy to use, has many templates and produces good quality documents. Publisher is very powerful and easy to use. It lays out work for anyone who wants to produce work. To use publisher a custom layout doesnt have to be designed which makes work much quicker. Other publication software is not as fast as publisher. He needs word to help him with his A-levels and he uses Microsoft office at college so he is used to it. He can also use word to create flyers and other documents for his participation at the local conservative. Word can be used to create documents, letters, flyers and general editing. Word has many simple features which will make Johns work look good. He will use excel to make spreadsheets as he could be using this for his ICT A-level. Word is a very cleaver, powerful application as it can solve equations deal with difficult numbers and plot them into graphs. He can also use excel to plot tables for general use, for example how many leaflets he has printed for his local conservative party and how much were the printing costs. He could use PowerPoint to help him with his ICT A-level and because John is used to using Words at his college. He can also use PowerPoint to make presentations in his other a-levels, for general use and to give presentations about the local conservative party. He needs outlook to view his emails and easily manage everything. John can send and receive emails quickly using outlook. He can also use outlook to attach files, e. g. take work from college and back it up on home computer by sending files through an email. He needs publisher to produce flyers, leaflets and other documents he has Microsoft office 2003 so it is compatible with Microsoft 2007. He can also use publisher to produce letters that he can send and use generally. Publisher has many templates for example letters, flyers and business cards and they come in different sizes (A4, A5 and more). Access : Microsoft access is a program which allows you to make tables and search information in a database. If formulas are not needed it is better to use access than excel because it is easy to navigate to an area of data out of a database. He is likely to use this in his ICT A-level so when he does his work at college, he can finish it off at home. John can also use access to create tables about the amount of leaflets he has made. He can also use a database to record everything that goes on during the conservative party meetings. Adobe Photoshop Elements Adobe Photoshop is editing software used to edit pictures. It is also cheap. Adobe Photoshop elements might not be able to produce finalized documents like word or publisher but it can create stunning design picture, text and other shapes. He could use adobe Photoshop to edit his picture or graphics in Art/Design level. He also likes photography and he will be able to edit his pictures. To produce quality leaflets for his local conservative party John can create shapes and a design scheme in adobe Photoshop and bring it into word so he can add text and finalize his document. Adobe Premiere Elements Adobe Premiere Elements is a video editing software application for nonlinear video editing, published by Adobe Systems. It is a scaled-down version of the professional-level Adobe Premiere Pro. Adobe premiere elements have features which can edit each individual time frame. John likes making and editing home made movies and adobe premiere is a professional movie making software. An alternative video editing software is windows movie maker which comes free with windows 7, but windows movie maker doesnt have as much editing features because it is free and John will usually get more for something he pays for. Task 3 -Software Requirements Item Description Why Required? Reason Reason is a music making program which allows you do add and edit different sounds. Reason is a professional music making software which allows someone to edit music or sounds, just like professionals e. g. DJs. In Johns free time he likes making his own music so reason would be a good program for him to use. John can create a remix of other people music tracks or he can create his own music. He can also go back and edit every time frame of his music track. Microsoft German Language Pack Microsoft German language pack converts any language to German. It can even convert an internet page to German language. He studies German for his A-levels. John can use the German language pack to help him convert English to German if he needs help with his work. /he can also use the German language pack to convert all of his settings to German language so he can get used to reading German. Windows Live Messenger. Msn messenger is a free messenger which is easy to use and is used by many people. John can also use windows live messenger on his mobile so he can talk to a contact even when he isnt at his compute. It is very easy to use and he can add any contacts and make video/voice/text chats to them. John needs to talk to his friends and family. He also likes to make video calls. Windows live messenger is free and can be used just to write messages to a friend or family and John can also send happy or sad emotions to a contact he can also attach and send files to somebody in his contact list.

Pros and Cons of Abortion Essay -- Religion Christianity Abortion Ethi

Pros and Cons of Abortion Should a list of pros and cons of abortion really be necessary for Christians...or human beings for that matter? I mean, have we really reached a point where we cannot tell that abortion is murderous no matter how you color it or try to paint it as compassionate? Apparently so. Thirty plus years after the infamous Supreme Court decision in Roe versus Wade and thirty one years after my own timely birth, I sit in awe at the ignorance of a great portion of society...their lack of understanding, their selfishness, and their brazen support of such a horrendous practice as abortion. I guess I should not be surprised that the unregenerate world can support abortion, but what shocks me most is that professing Christians need to consider some sort of pros and cons of abortion list so that they can "make an informed decision". It is a crying shame that we have reached a day when the Bible is not sufficient enough of a guideline for Christians that they feel they must hear the "pros and cons of abortion". Well, since this seems to be the case, let’s look at some pros and cons of abortion. Lets evaluate them in light of the scriptures and in light of our conclusions based on the whole of scripture and the impecable character of our God and His expectations for us. I recently viewed a site with one of these lists with the "pros and cons of abortion". I would like to review their statements with my evaluation of them below: Pros of Abortion "*Laws against abortion kill women. Even though abortion may be illegal doesn't mean that women won't go through with the abortion. Look at the case of Becky Bell for example. She was an innocent girl that did not want her child and died because of an illegal abortion." ***My Assessment: Yes, people will continue to sin, but we should never sit band condone theirs inn by either verbal support or merely apathy. We certainly should not use the dumb excuse of: "Well, they are just going to do it anyway and at least if abortion is legal, they won't be doing them in dirty back alleys." It is always tragic when a human being loses their life, but if abortion is once again outlawed (as it should be), these people would always be losing their lives in violation of a good, common sense, and compassionate law. If they die breaking the law, then they will die the death of a criminal. But, please keep... ...ortion you will always wonder what if, and feel guilty for the rest of your life about the child you could have had." Biblical pros and cons of abortion: Isa 44:24 Thus saith the LORD, thy redeemer, and he that formed thee from the womb, I [am] the LORD that maketh all [things]; that stretcheth forth the heavens alone; that spreadeth abroad the earth by myself; Biblical pros and cons of abortion: Isa 46:3 Hearken unto me, O house of Jacob, and all the remnant of the house of Israel, which are borne [by me] from the belly, which are carried from the womb: Biblical pros and cons of abortion: Isa 66:9 Shall I bring to the birth, and not cause to bring forth? saith the LORD: shall I cause to bring forth, and shut [the womb]? saith thy God. Now I shall leave you with some very key scriptures as you consider the pros and cons of abortion... Jer 1:5 Before I formed thee in the belly I knew thee; and before thou camest forth out of the womb I sanctified thee, [and] I ordained thee a prophet unto the nations. Isa 49:15 Can a woman forget her sucking child, that she should not have compassion on the son of her womb? yea, they may forget, yet will I not forget thee.

Mental Health and Social Inclusion

Title: An examination of social exclusion policy and its effect on adults of a working age with serious mental health problems To begin, this essay will briefly define the term social exclusion and its historical background. It will then move on to the political history of social exclusion in the United Kingdom. Particularly the essay will focus on the reasons behind unemployment, and the resulting effect of excluding people from society.The policies around employment and the benefit system will be discussed in some detail, and their consequences on working age adults, including those with serious long term mental health issues. The French socialist government termed the phrase ‘social exclusion’ in the 1980’s; it was used to define a group of people living on the edge of society whom did not have access to the system of social insurance (Room, 1995 citied in Percy-Smith 2000). The concept of social exclusion has been defined in many different ways since then.The European commission defines social exclusion as referring to the â€Å"multiple and changing factors resulting in people being excluded from the normal exchanges, practices and rights of modern society† (Commission of the European Communities, 1993 quoted in Percy-Smith 2000 p. 3). This was a move away from using the term underclass in the UK, which was not an acceptable phrase to some, as it was more related to poverty (Lavallette et al, 2001). The term social exclusion pointed at a much more complicated problem rather than just money, if you were excluded something or someone was excluding you and that could be sorted out.Although for some this new phrase just represented a ‘new’ form of the word poverty (Room, 1995 citied in Lavallette). In the UK the New Labour government set up the interdepartmental social exclusion unit in 1997 (Percy-Smith, 2000). Its aims were to â€Å"to find joined-up solutions to the joined-up problems of social exclusion† (No10 Website, 2004). The social exclusion task force works within a number of government departments such as work and pension, children school and family and the ministry of justice (No10 Website, 2004)The social exclusion unit published a series of reports in 1997 that criticised the way both central and local government had failed deprived groups and areas (Batty, 2002). It found that deprived area’s had fewer basic services such as GP surgeries and that little effort had been made to reintegrate some who had been excluded through unemployment (Batty, 2002). Unemployment is seen as one of the main causes of social exclusion (Percy-Smith, 2000). Being unemployed can have serious effects on a person’s confidence, sense of purpose and motivation (Percy-Smith, 2000).The person who works is seen as a full citizen, paying tax and contributing to society (Baldock et al, 1999). Unemployment can also be linked to mental health; a person is twice as likely to suffer from depressio n if they are not working. (Department of health, 1999). The period since the 1960’s saw a distinct decline in the British manufacturing industry leading to a shift in the type of work available, the service sector and office based jobs replaced the manual jobs and altered the pattern of demand in the labour market. Baldock et al, 1999) The unemployment rate for semi skilled / unskilled workers if four times that compared to managerial / professional workers (Percy-Smith, 2000). Those people who live in area’s with low demand for low skilled workers are highly likely to be unemployed for a very long time, leading to a near permanence in exclusion from the labour market (Percy-Smith, 2000). Welfare to work policies were the answer from the Labour government in 1997, `They set out plans to encourage people back into the labour market.Labour came up with the New Deal family of policies. These where aimed at specific groups. For example young people, adults and new deal fo r people with a disability (Percy-Smith, 2000). One of the results of this policy was to create Job centre plus from a merger of the Employment Service and the Benefits Agency. (Hoben, no date given) The Tories previously had set up the job seekers allowance, which had changed the Insurance-based unemployment benefit. (Baldock et al, 1999).With this allowance you had to prove you were actively seeking employment or you would not get your allowance. People who became unemployed would have to go for an initial interview where an adviser prepares an action plan, then short interviews are conducted every two weeks to review the claimants success at gaining new employment and to look at new job vacancies (Percy-Smith, 2000). New deal gateway is aimed at 18 – 24 year olds who had been out of work for 6 months. This offers subsidised work experience within the voluntary sector or with an employer with a ? 0 a week incentive. Also full time education/training is offered to those who did not have sufficient qualifications up the recognized NVQ level two. Young people also have an allocated personal advisor who offers assistance around job seeking, careers advice and in some circumstances drugs/homelessness advice (Percy-Smith, 2000). Anyone who refuses to take up these incentives will have their benefit cut. As Gordon Brown put it (the then Chancellor of the Exchequer) there will be no option â€Å"to stay at home in bed and watch television† (Baldock et al, 1999 p149).For people aged twenty five and above who have been on job seekers allowance for over six months then become eligible for a different set of measures, before becoming eligible for the ‘New Deal’. This is called ‘restart’. Work trials are offered as well as help with interview techniques and CV’s writing skills. After twelve months if the individual has not found work they attend a five-day ‘job plan workshop’ to assess the individuals job prospe cts. This happens again at eighteen months. If after two years they are still unemployed this is when ‘New Deal’ applies. New Deal’ offers training grants as well as an employment credit similar to that of the new deal gateway of sixty pounds a week and the benefit of a personal advisor. The budget for this was ? 250 million for the three years between 1999 and 2002 (Percy-Smith, 2000) It can be argued that jobseekers allowance forces people back to work or forces them to appear to be looking for work in a desperate attempt to keep their benefit. It can be seen as punitive (Percy-Smith, 2000) and with no option to opt out, and it does not actually increase the amount of jobs available.Without the creation of a sufficient number of jobs, people may lose their benefit, though not through lack of trying (Baldock et al, 1999). Also critics have commented on the cost of the new deal strategy with some say this money could be better used creating more jobs. (Percy-Smit h, 2000) Other arguments against new deal look at the timescale difference between the young people and adult services, it cost a lot less to intervene early when someone becomes unemployed so why wait for two years in the case of the adult new deal. (Percy-Smith, 2000).The new deal policy has been quite effective, particularly at getting young people back into the labour market. However, for people with long term significant mental health problems finding paid work can be very difficult. (Layard, 2005) If social exclusion can be linked to unemployment then for people with mental health issues they are excluded by default, with not only unemployment but with the social stigma associated with their mental health difficulties (Layard, 2005). â€Å"There are now more mentally ill people on incapacity benefit than there are unemployed people on jobseekers allowance† (Layard, 2005 p1).Evidence suggests that work can be very therapeutic for people with mental health problems, but i t seems doctors are sceptical about their patients finding and holding down jobs. (Layard, 2005) The problem gets worse the longer the person is on benefits, and as time passes social isolation increases and motivation decreases (Layard, 2005). Ninety percent of people on incapacity benefit say they would like to return to work but would find it very hard to find a job that pays as much as the benefit they receive (Layard, 2005).However, it has been an underlying trend in welfare policy that low paid work should always be the better option than state handouts. This goes way back to the poor law of 1832 where the workhouse provided the last option for very poor families, providing food and shelter for the exchange of labour. For most of those who lived in these workhouses life expectancy significantly dropped upon entering these desperate places (Higginbotham, 2008). In current times, however, sacrificing benefits and returning to work may mean a compromise in quality of life.People receiving incapacity benefit may also claim housing benefit, council tax benefit, free prescriptions and discretionary loans from the social fund to buy large more expensive items (Alcock, 2003). With all this help in place it is quite easy to see why people with a mental illness are unlikely to want to go back to full time employment and run the risk of losing money. This is known as the benefit trap. There is another problem, people who have been on benefits for a long time lack the right qualifications to join the labour market (Dummigan, 2007), increasing social exclusion.If a mentally ill person wanted to find a job but had little or no skills, the choices are very narrow normally leading to a low wage job, again making it unlikely for the individual to want to come off his/her benefits (Dummigan, 2007). The government has tried to rectify this problem by offering further incentives to get people back to work, such as disability tax credits that offer a tax break should some on e find work but there is limited awareness of the financial incentives to return to work (Percy-Smith, 2000).Pathways to work is a recent government initiative with the aim of getting the recipients of incapacity benefit back to work, the claimant will have to take a personal capability assessment which is used to determine whether or not the person is eligable for the benefit, but will focus on â€Å"what the customer can do rather than what they cant† (Department of work and pensions, 2007).A mandatory work focused interview will also take place eight weeks after making the intial claim followed by a screening tool to establish who will have to have more work focused interviews and those who will be exempt from further manditory participation (Department of work and pensions, 2007). Pathways to work will offer a range of programmes to support the â€Å"customer† in preparing for work with a fourty pounds a week incentive or credit for twelve months if their salary is below fifteen thousand pounds a year (Department of work and pensions, 2007).Pathways to work is currently operating in fourty percent of the country. In an interesting move, the remaining sixty percent of pathway to work providers will be from the public sector leading to critism that the government is privatising the welfare system. The government's chief welfare to work adviser, David Freud, said recently: â€Å"I worked out that it is economically rational to spend up to sixty thousand pounds on getting the average person on incapacity benefit into work, somebody will see a gap in the market and make their fortune. † (Quoted in Vaux, 2008).Some voluntary sector organizations have criticized the rather aggressive approach taken by the public sector organizations in winning the contracts, and feel that the voluntary sector would be in a better position to deliver the contracts (Vaux, 2008). Mind charity has criticized the pathways to work initiative stating it â€Å"place s all the emphasis on the individual to find work†, yet, it said  there  was no obligation on employers to actively recruit people with mental health problems. It would also seem that if you disclose to an employer that you have a mental health problem you are more likely to be sacked before your sane colleagues.Also there is a lack of support in the work place for mental health sufferers, which lead to higher sickness rate, which in turn puts off employers recruiting future pathways to work employees (Lombard, 2008). In the recent action plan on social exclusion â€Å"Reaching out† the government recognizes the need for encouragement in the workplace for recruiting people with mental health issues and supports employer based anti-stigma campaigns. It also states that the government alone cannot address social exclusion, and that the wider community has a role to play.But most of all, the individual must want progress for themselves and those around them (Reaching O ut, 2008). In the last five years mental health services have improved greatly (Layard, 2005) Better treatment and early intervention have empowered people to control their own lives, but though these services have improved the medical condition, mentally ill people still suffer from exclusion from society. The association with dependency that being on benefits brings leads to a segregation (Percy-Smith, 2000). In conclusion, social exclusion is a far reaching problem and not an easy task to overcome.Evidence suggests that the government still identifies the problem with unemployment and poverty, and has taken a great deal of measures in providing policies that aim to get people back into the work place. Unfortunately for some, as has been shown, work is not always a viable or the best option, and people who fall under this category may stay on the boundaries of society due to no fault of their own, or be forced into working at the detriment of their health. The changes around the i ncapacity benefit rules may leave some people worse off than when on benefits and this may increase the chances of a relapse in mental ealth issues, which in turn will make them less employable, continuing the cycle of social exclusion. As we enter another recession and unemployment rises again, this is likely to be a huge focus, and the government will have to rethink existing policies around unemployment. Those who are recently unemployed must be given sufficient support to regain employment to avoid falling into the benefit trap in order to avoid the danger of becoming socially excluded. Bibliography Alcock, P (2003) Social policy in Britain, Basingstoke, PalgraveBaldock J, Manning N, Miller S & Vickerstaff S (1999) Social Policy. Oxford University press, Oxford Lavalette,M & Pratt A (2001) Social Policy a conceptual and theoretical introduction. Sage publications London Percy-Smith, J (2000) Policy responses to social exclusion. Open university press. Oxford Batty, D (2002) Soci al exclusion: the issue explained (Online), available at http://www. guardian. co. uk/society/2002/jan/15/socialexclusion1 (accessed on 28/10/08) Department for work and pensions, (2008) Pathways to work process. (Online) Available at http://www. dwp. gov. k/welfarereform/pathways_process. asp (accessed on 5/12/08) Department of health, (1999) National service framework for mental health, modern standards and service models. (Online) available at http://www. dh. gov. uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4009598 (accessed on 1/12/08) Dummigan, G (2007) The benefit trap. (Online) available at http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/programmes/politics_show/6403329. stm (accessed on 4/12/08) Higginbotham, P (2008) Poor laws (Online) available from http://www. workhouses. org. uk(accessed on 4/12/08)Hoban,M & Thomas, J (No date given) DW response to welfare to work – discussion paper. (Online) available at http://www. voicefromthewheelchair. co. uk/ pages/dw-response-to-welfare-to-work (accessed on 1/12/08) Layard, R (2005) Mental health: Britain’s biggest social problem? (Online) Available from http://cep. lse. ac. uk/textonly/research/mentalhealth/RL414d. pdf (accessed on 1/12/08) Lombard, D (2008) The replacement of incapacity benefit. (Online), available at http://www. communitycare. co. uk/Articles/2008/10/27/109795/incapacity-benefit-reform-will-leave-some-disabled-people-worse-off. tml (accessed on 5/12/08) Reaching out, (2006) An action plan on social exclusion (Online), available from http://www. cabinetoffice. gov. uk/media/cabinetoffice/social_exclusion_task_force/assets/reaching_out/chapter1. pdf (accessed on 28/10/08) Social exclusion trends show success (2004) Online, available from http://www. number10. gov. uk/page5544 (accessed on 28/10/08) Vaux, G (2008). Pathways to work, to help those unfit for work. (Online), available at http://www. communitycare. co. uk/Articles/Article. aspx? liArticleID=107551&Pr interFriendly=true (accessed on 1/12/08)